Nature-News

Maryam Mirzakhani is among four young researchers to win Fields Medals, awarded every four years.

Philip Ball

The International Mathematical Union (IMU) has revealed on its website the winners of the 2014 Fields medals, considered the highest honour in mathematics. The four young medallists — including Maryam Mirzakhani, the first female winner since the prizes were established in 1936 — have been selected for their contributions to topics ranging from dynamical systems to the geometry of numbers and the solution of equations of the type that describe many physical phenomena.

The IMU had planned to publically announce the names on 13 August in Seoul at the International Congress of Mathematicians, but — owing presumably to a technical glitch — the page with the announcement was already live on the organization’s website in 12 August. The Wikipedia pages for the winners appeared to have been updated anonymously on the same day after 18:00 London time.

In addition to the medal itself, the Fields Institute, based in Toronto, awards each winner CAN$15,000 (US$13,700) in cash. The prizes are given to researchers aged 40 years or younger every four years. Although the prizes recognize outstanding achievement in the early stages of a career, they are also seen as an indicator of mathematicians to watch in the future.

A native of Iran, Maryam Mirzakhani is at Stanford University in California. She won for her work on “the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces.”

“Perhaps Maryam’s most important achievement is her work on dynamics,” says Curtis McMullen of Harvard University. Many natural problems in dynamics, such as the three-body problem of celestial mechanics (for example, interactions of the Sun, the Moon and Earth), have no exact mathematical solution. Mirzakhani found that in dynamical systems evolving in ways that twist and stretch their shape, the systems’ trajectories “are tightly constrained to follow algebraic laws”, says McMullen.

He adds that Mirzakhani’s achievements “combine superb problem-solving ability, ambitious mathematical vision and fluency in many disciplines, which is unusual in the modern era, when considerable specialization is often required to reach the frontier”.

The other three winners of the Fields Medals were:

Artur Avila of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu in Paris, whose “profound contributions to dynamical systems theory have changed the face of the field”. Dynamical systems evolve over time, often in complex ways: they include celestial mechanics (the orbits of bodies in the Solar System); financial markets; the weather; and populations in ecosystems. Some of these systems exhibit chaotic behaviour: their state at some future time cannot be predicted from their state at an earlier time, because imperceptible differences that exist now can cause big divergences later.

Avila is a problem-solver who has worked on many aspects of this field. According to mathematician Étienne Ghys of the École Normale Supérieure in Lyon, France, “he didn’t just do one or two things, but has an incredible number of achievements”. Avila has contributed in particular to complex one-dimensional dynamics — how a mathematical function with a single variable evolves when the solution is “fed back” into the function as the next value of the variable in an iterative process. This is how some fractal mathematical objects, such as the Mandelbrot set — a set of complex numbers for which a particular iterated equation does not approach infinity — are generated. Avila has also looked at the Schrödinger equation of unusual quantum systems, although Ghys attests that his motivation is more mathematical than physical.

Manjul Bhargava of Princeton University in New Jersey, who “has developed powerful new methods in the geometry of numbers”. The geometry of numbers is a method for estimating how many points with integer coordinates (meaning their coordinates are whole numbers) are contained in a region of space of a given volume. “Bhargava has added a host of new techniques to this subject,” says Benedict Gross of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. “His style is completely original, and combines the three main areas of pure mathematics — algebra, geometry and analysis — in a beautiful way.”

Gross says that one of Bhargava’s key results “gives an entirely new perspective on finding rational solutions [solutions that are ratios of integers] to cubic equations, a problem that goes back to the mathematics of antiquity”. Bhargava says that the award is “a source of encouragement and inspiration, hopefully also for my students, collaborators and colleagues”.

Martin Hairer of the University of Warwick, UK, who “has made outstanding contributions to the theory of stochastic partial differential equations”. Partial differential equations (PDEs), which describe the evolution of quantities that depend on several different variables, crop up throughout science — from quantum physics to the propagation of heat. PDEs are stochastic if they include some element of randomness.

By developing methods for systematically solving such equations, Hairer’s work “allows one to give a rigorous meaning to a bunch of stochastic PDEs”, says Ofer Zeitouni of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. The award is “an extraordinary recognition and I am very humbled by it”, says Hairer. “It still doesn’t quite feel real, even though I’ve known about it for almost half a year now.”

In addition to the Fields medals, the IMU awarded other prestigious prizes. These include:

The Nevanlinna Prize for outstanding contributions in mathematical aspects of information sciences is awarded to Subhash Khot of New York University for his work contributing to the approximate solution of ‘hard’ optimization problems (those for which no reasonably fast algorithm exists that gives exact solutions), and in particular for identifying ‘unique games’. Khot explains that the unique games problem can be considered to describe “a strange society” where people have unequal status but are happy if their own inequality doesn’t exceed some precise limit. The central problem is whether you can arrange people’s status to please everyone.

He formulated a conjecture, now named after him and yet unproven, according to which even if such a state exists, it is impossible to find an algorithm that gets anywhere near it — one that makes people even a little bit happy. The value of the conjecture is that if it is hard to approximate the unique games problem in this way, then many other important ‘hard’ problems of this kind cannot be approximated well either. This breadth of implication was not something that Khot foresaw at the outset of his work: “I was quite hesitant in the beginning even to propose the conjecture,” he says. Khot “has a rare ability to get to the heart of the issue very quickly,” says Sanjeev Arora of Princeton University.

The Gauss Prize for research that has had an impact outside mathematics is awarded to Stanley Osher of the University of California at Los Angeles, who has developed techniques for image processing and animation that enable complex objects to be approximated realistically, and for blurred or indefinite objects to be more sharply defined. As well as being valuable in fluid dynamics and aeronautical design, Osher’s work has been widely used in computer graphics and animation for depicting complex objects such as flames. His work “combines deep mathematical concepts with intuition from applications to design highly efficient computational tools”, says Chi-Wang Shu of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.

Ingrid Daubechies, the president of the IMU, and South Korean president Park Geun-hye is to hand out the awards at the congress on 13 August. In contrast to the Nobel Prizes, in which the world finds out right after the winners do, in this case the winners were told months in advance under strict secrecy, says Daubechies. “I called them on the phone in March, and during the phone conversation sent them email to show that this was indeed official and not a hoax.”

https://www.nature.com/news/iranian-is-first-woman-to-nab-highest-prize-in-maths-1.15686

landarchs.com
Sonia Jackett

Top 10 Public Squares of the World

The recent protests in Taksim Square, Istanbul, and those in Tahrir Square, Cairo, have once again highlighted the power of public space as a tool of protest.

The use of public space has always been employed as way to reflect the economical and socio-political mood. Yet, public space is a fragile thing. The London Occupy Movement highlighted that our public space may not be as public as we think, when protesters were prevented from entering Paternoster Square by a high court injunction taken out by the owners.

Public space is important because it is supposed to be just that. Public. For you, and me, and the person sitting next to you. It represents our rights, and in all the above cases the right to political protest.

The architectural emblem of society in all its guises — economics, politics, protest, food, fun, and enjoyment and at the same time, the arena for all these constructs is, the public square.

In what will culminate as Landscape Architects Network’s Top 100 public squares, we kick off with a general Top 10 Public Squares of the World…

10. Tahrir Square, Cairo, Egypt

Tahrir Square

The square unites four main streets and is surrounded by various Egyptian political and cultural institutions (the burnt out NDP headquarters included). Huge underground viaducts provide pedestrian accesses. Overall, a traffic dominated square perhaps, but the recent images illustrate it filled to the brim with the people of Cairo, suggests its power as a site of solidarity and tool for protest.

9. Times Square, New York, USA

Times Square

Times Square is the world’s most buzzing square in the city that never sleeps. The constant stimuli make it an absolute “eye-gasm” and complete sensory overload, but it’s an incredible experience!

8. Plaza de Armas, Cuzco, Peru

Plaza de Armas

As the center of the ancient Inca capital, the plaza is richly layered with history. From its foundation, to the Spanish arcades that surround the square and the more modern formal layout, the square, with its hard and soft landscape, acts as a healthy, beating heart to the city.

7. Rynek Główny, Kraków, Poland

Rynek Główny

Voted the world’s best square by Project for Public Spaces in 2005, the Main Square in Krakow certainly has its virtues. It is accessible to pedestrians from 13 different points and one of the best car-free squares in Europe, as it is generally only accessible via foot.

6. Federation Square, Melbourne, Australia

Federation Square

This modern square was opened in 2002 to much controversy. Often voted one of the ugliest places due to the deconstructivist style of the buildings, the square has come to be very successful. Why so? Well, with a constant stream of entertainment, dining and free Wi-Fi, it’s always busy with people.

5. St Peter’s Square, (Piazza San Pietro), Vatican City

St Peter’s Square

Is there a square anywhere else in the world as impressive as Bernini’s masterpiece? Baroque grandeur at its best.

4. Trafalgar Square, London, United Kingdom

Trafalgar Square

The square in London. Since its inception by the great British architect John Nash, the square has been a source of pride for all Brits. Moreover it is a constant stage for art, culture, and other events.

3. Red Square (Krasnaya ploshchad), Moscow, Russia

Red Square

Surrounded by significant buildings – St Basils, the Kremlin, Lenin’s mausoleum, Red Square is a wonder to behold. It is often considered not just the central square of Moscow, but all of Russia as the city’s major streets, which connect to Russia’s major highways, originate from Red Square.

2. Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy

Piazza del Campo

A Tuscan red, shell-shaped piazza that hosts a horse raise – the Palio di Siena – twice a year. What’s not to love? The ingenuity of the medieval square, the cultural buildings around its perimeter, warm colors and rich textures make the square, always filled with people, one of the best experiences of public space in the world!

1. Imam Square, Isfahan, Iran

Imam Square

One of the world’s most beautiful squares, with a wonderful area of luscious green in the middle. Lined with shops, filled with cafes, with the great Shah Mosque to the north this square will leave you breathless. Its other name Naqah-e Jahan Square means ‘Image of the World Square’.

https://landarchs.com/top-10-public-squares-world/

Iran Air logo. In our estimation the most striking looking logo in all of airline industry. The logo was designed by Edward Zohrabian in 1961, inspired by an image atop one of the columns at Persepolis.

skift.com
RAFAT ALI

We’re obsessed with travel branding here at Skift, and earlier this year we came up with a fun list of the “20 Most Colorful Airlines in the World,” which was very well received.

This time we decided to go a little deeper, and explore logo design with this new list. The criteria wasn’t exactly scientific, or deep, just in the eye of the…well, us Skifters. It was a mix of what looks great on an airline tail, plus what would look great on a t-shirt.

These 30 airlines from around the world represent a broad geographic mix, and show the predominance of national flag carriers when it comes to conveying a sense of history through the logo design.

Some observations:

• Birds dominate airline logo and branding, for obvious reasons. Other animals come second.
• The flag carriers (the national carriers) are the ones with most eye-catching and historic logos.
• Ironically, Iran Air, which has been severely hampered by the international sanctions against the country it represents, Iran, has one of the most eye-catching logos of all.
• Most of the ornate ones have been refreshed for the modern era, and hence you see a lot of them with curved lines and pastel colors.
• Some of the Middle East airlines, with their cool Arabic calligraphy/typography, work very well when it comes to conveying brand distinctiveness.
• Landor Associates is everywhere as the design agency of choice when airlines around the world need to refresh their branding; followed by Interbrand and Futurebrand.
• Low-cost airlines have been at the forefront in making their airline design colorful, as our previous list highlighted, but don’t figure anywhere in intricate logo design.
• Africa is under-represented, which shows the state of airline branding and marketing in the continent, though that is rapidly changing with new entrants, especially the low-cost ones.
• Three U.S. airlines show up in the list — Alaska, American and Hawaiian — though Southwest may qualify in a bigger list.
• We chose not to include British Airways because of the ubiquity of its design and color scheme, and with its actual logo being too generic and simplified to figure in our litmus test of t-shirt design.
• Etihad and Qatar need to catch up with its bigger cousin Emirates, which is miles ahead when it comes to overall branding and marketing.

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